MIGRATION TCP IP v4 to TCP IP v6
NIZAR HADI
JURUSAN TEKNIK INFORMATIKA
FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI
UNIVERSITAS TRISAKTI
ABSTRACTS
Migration has been gradual, but the move to IPv6 could speed up with IPv4 addresses running out
The argument about how best to upgrade the Internet’s main communications protocol raged in the Internet Engineering Task Force in the early 1990s. By then, experts realized that the Internet would eventually run out of address space with the original version of the Internet Protocol, known as IPv4.
The issue of what direction to take with the next-generation of IP came to a head at a 1994 IETF meeting in Toronto. Ultimately, the IETF decided to replace the 32-bit addressing scheme in IPv4 with a 128-bit addressing scheme in IPv6. The standards body tried to create other reasons to upgrade to IPv6, including built-in security with IPsec and easier management through autoconfiguration of devices.
INTRODUCTION
Nearly a decade after IPv6 was finalized, the network industry has yet to embrace the new protocol. That’s because a forklift upgrade to IPv6 is too expensive and time consuming for a carrier or enterprise, with little measurable return. Instead, the network industry anticipates a gradual transition to IPv6, which will likely run side by side with IPv4 for many years to come.
Now it appears that IPv6 is finally winning this argument. The American Registry for Internet Numbers recommended in May that the Internet community start migrating to IPv6.
In fact, some industry experts predict that there are only around 1,200 days left until the Internet runs out of IPv4 addresses. Leading the charge to IPv6 is the U.S. federal government, which has mandated that all agencies support the new protocol in their backbone networks by June 2008.
PLATFORM THEORY
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), sometimes called the "next generation" IP protocol (IPng), is designed by the IETF to replace the current version Internet Protocol, IP Version 4 ("IPv4"), which is now more than twenty years old. Most of today's network uses IPv4 and it is beginning to have problems, for example, the growing shortage of IPv4 addresses.
IPv6 fixes manyshortages in IPv4, including the limited number of available IPv4 addresses. It also adds many improvements to IPv4 in areas. The key benefits of introducing IPv6 are:
• 340 undecillion IP addresses for the whole world network devices
• Plug and Play configuration with or without DHCP
• Better network bandwidth efficiency using multicast and anycast without broadcast
• Better QOS support for all types of applications
• Native information security framework for both data and control packets
• Enhanced mobility with fast handover, better route optimization and hierarchical mobility
The following table compares the key characters of IPv6 vs. IPv4:
Subjects IPv4 IPv6 IPv6 Advantages
Address Space 4 Billion Addresses 2^128 79 Octillion times the IPv4 address space
Configuration Manual or use DHCP Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) with or without DHCP Lower Operation Expenses and reduce error
Broadcast / Multicast Uses both No broadcast and has different forms of multicast Better bandwidth efficiency
Anycast support Not part of the original protocol Explicit support of anycast Allows new applications in mobility, data center
Network Configuration Mostly manual and labor intensive Facilitate the re-numbering of hosts and routers Lower operation expenses and facilitate migration
QoS support ToS using DIFFServ Flow classes and flow labels More Granular control of QoS
Security Uses IPsec for Data packet protection IPsec becomes the key technology to protect data and control packets Unified framework for security and more secure computing environment
Mobility Uses Mobile IPv4 Mobile IPv6 provides fast handover, better router optimization and hierarchical mobility Better efficiency and scalability; Work with latest 3G mobile technologies and beyond.
Few in the industry would argue with the principle that IPv6 represents a major leap forward for the Internet and the users. However, given the magnitude of a migration that affects so many millions of network devices, it is clear that there will be an extended period when IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist at many levels of the Internet
IETF protocol designers have expended a substantial amount of effort to ensure that hosts and routers can be upgraded to IPv6 in a graceful, incremental manner. Transition mechanisms have been engineered to allow network administrators a large amount of flexibility in how and when they upgrade hosts and intermediate nodes. Consequently, IPv6 can be deployed in hosts first, in routers first, or, alternatively, in a limited number of adjacent or remote hosts and routers. Another assumption made by IPv6 transition designers is the likelihood that many upgraded hosts and routers will need to retain downward compatibility with IPv4 devices for an extended time period. It was also assumed that upgraded devices should have the option of retaining their IPv4 addressing. To accomplish these goals, IPv6 transition relies on several special functions that have been built into the IPv6 standards work, including dual-stack hosts and routers and tunnelling IPv6 via IPv4.
IPv6 over IPv4 Tunnelling
Neither the global Internet nor the TCP/IP protocols are static. Through its Internet Engineering Task Force, the Internet Architecture Board provides active, ongoing efforts that keep the technology evolving. Most notable is the introduction of IP v6 protocol. IP v4 supports only a limited number of IP addresses, and the IP address space is fast depleting. To accommodate for future expansion, IP v6 has been introduced.
Features of Ipv6:
1. The features of IPv6 are
2. Larger Addresses
3. Flexible Header Format
4. Improved Options
5. Support for Resource Allocation
6. Provision for protocol extension
In the above Figure,
VERS: Specifies the version of the protocol
FLOW LABEL: The base header contains information that routers use to associate a datagram with a specific flow and priority.
PAYLOAD LENGTH: Specifies the number of octets carried in the datagram.
NEXT HEADER: Specifies the type of the following header.
HOP LIMIT: This field interprets a time-to-live as a combination of hop count and maximum time.
SOURCE ADDRESS: It requires 16 octets to specify the sender address.
DESTINATION ADDRESS: It requires 16 octets to specify the recipient address.
IPv6 Address Types:
The destination address on a datagram falls into one of the three categories:
o Unicast
The destination address specifies a single computer
o Cluster
The destination is a set of computers that all share a single address prefix
o Multicast
The destination is a set of computers, possibly at multiple locations.
Ipv4 vs. Ipv6
Ipv4 is the fourth version of Internet protocol, but the first one to be widely deployed. It uses a 32 bit addressing and allows for 4,294,967,296 unique addresses. Ipv4 has four different class types, the class types are A, B, C, and D. An example of Ipv4 is 207. 142. 131. 235. The ipv4 uses a subnet mask because of the large numbers of computers used today.
The subnet mask helps reduce the number of unique IP given to companies, corporations and so on. An example of a subnet mask is a company. A architectural company is given one ip address to use in their company. The IP that they are given is the class C addresses, 192. 182. 162. 0. However, the employees want to send information about the plan to a fellow employee. The default subnet mask is 255. 255. 255. 0 this default is used so that people can send instant messages to each other without downloading programs such as MSN messenger. The 0 in the subnet mask allows you to have 16 different networks having 14 computers per network allowing you to have a total of 224 computers in the company. You can create these networks by modifying the 0 the only number you can modify in the network. In the binary version of the 0 of the subnet mask it looks like this 0000. You can modify the numbers from 0000 – 1111. Those numbers will represent your network, you will then need numbers for your computer. When adding the numbers for the computer your IP would look like this in tens. 255.255.255.0-0 the zero after the dash represents your computer number. The way you can modify the number is the same as the network number, the difference is that you can only the numbers 0001-1110 in other words you cannot have all ones or all zeros. For further reference there is a diagram in the next page.
Ipv6 is the next in the advancement of IP’s. Although it is version 6 it will probably be the next widely deployed Internet protocol. Compared to the Ipv4 which allows for only 4,294,967,296 unique addresses, the Ipv6 that uses a 128-bit system will hold 340-undecillion (34, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000) this number is so vast that there are more unique ip addresses than stars in the universe, as we know it. However, the Ipv6 will not come out till at least 2025 in because they need time to fix the bugs in the protocol. An example of Ipv6 is:
207. 142. 131. 235. 207. 142. 131. 235. 207. 142. 131. 235. 207. 142. 131. 235.
SUMMARY
Version 4 of the Internet Protocol (Ipv4) provides the basic communication mechanism of the TCP/IP suite and the global Internet. Although the need for a large address space is forcing an immediate change in IP, other factors are contributing to the design as well. In particular, IP v6 can support new services, and applications. IPv6 retains many of the basic concepts from IPv4, but changes most details. Like IPv4, IPv6 provides a connectionless, best-effort datagram delivery service. However, the IPv6 datagram format is completely different than the IPv4 format, and IPv6 provides new features such as authentication, a mechanism for flow-controlled streams of datagrams, and support for security.
The reason we may need to switch from Ipv4 to Ipv6 is because of the population of the world. The rate at which the world’s population is growing is nothing to look down at. Also in the future all vehicles will probably be networked in order to use Onstar or other navigational devices and those need IP’s too. So eventually we would need more unique IP’s than the number we have now.
REFERENCES
http://Suba at anandsoft dot com.
http://Network world.com
http://Ipv6.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetwork
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipv6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipv4
http://compnetworking.about.com/od/working...l/aa043000b.htm
Tuesday, June 16, 2009
Final Test Alqhadafi (064.07.033)
wimax implementation in indonesia
Alqhadafi
Jurusan teknik informatika
Fakultas teknologi industri,Universitas Trisakti
Jln.Kyai Tapa No. 1 Grogol Jakarta Barat
Email : Dafi_3sakti07@yahoo.com
Abstrak
To date, the user wireless internet (wireless) has been made with curious akan segera muculnya technology WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). WiMAX is an evolution of wireless broadband technology before. This technology is designed to meet kondsi non-LOS (Line if Sight) for using OFDM techniques.
With the same case with Wifi (Wiresless Fidelity), WiMAX allows for wireless internet connection with speeds reaching 70 Mbps or 35 times faster than ADSL channel. The new technical standard called 802.16, the also have coverage up to tens of kilometers with the disbanding Wifi capability that only hundreds of meters. WiMAX technology is one of the solutions to be able to develop information technology in a city or rural coverage due to the distance 50 km, making it possible to re-coverage under this seluruhnya.Berikut reviews about WiMAX good views of the technology, standards and challenges.
Positioning WiMAX Technology
When the previous wireless broadband technology is still proprietary, the WiMAX standard will be open (the withdrawal on the CDMA and GSM cellular and WLAN communication with the IEEE 802.11 standard). Many wireless technology (wireless) that has been performed in the field, such as cellular (GSM and CDMA), Wireless Broadband Access (Wireless IP Wireless or DSL), Wireless LAN (standard 802.11 a / b / g), and Wireless PAN (Bluetooth or RFID)
WiMAX technology is also promising features that are able bersaingdengan standard ASDL and third generation mobile phone (3G). According to the report view Telecom, WiMAX will take about 40% wide band wireless market in 2009. Along denganitu "WiMAX will be the main competitor for mobile generasiketiga (3G) that will control 60% of wide-band wireless market at the same time
INTRODUCTION
In Indonesia, WiMAX is not yet popuper Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity). However, as one of the countries licensed WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability Mobile Access), Indonesia has the authority to apply this technology to the telecommunications operator, mobile operator that has both the readiness readiness readiness of the infrastructure and operational-maintanance. WiMAX broadband wireless access are expected to provide fresh wind in the middle of the competition in the telecommunications industry and market needs.
Session in International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in June 2007, included in the WiMAX standard IMT-2000. Standard is also known as the standard third-generation mobile telecommunications (3G) spectrum covering 2.5 to 2.69 Gigahertz.
Are currently undergoing WiMAX coexistence studies to ensure its status as one of the 3G technology. Moreover, through its standard IMTAdvanced ITU, WiMAX technology to be ready 4g
WiMAX is not ready dikembang luaskan,
because of several issues:
- WiMAX Forum cases involved violations
copyright on the technology
- Manufacturer chipset is not yet release
with cheap patent royalties and its
- Forum is not yet in acclamation
determine the standard of
WiMAX IMPLEMENTATION IN THE FIELD
Applications that use the WiMAX network has several advantages including: the installation is generally relatively easy (especially apda geographic areas with obstacles), increase in performance and resilience (robustness) of applications, the network is entirely based on IP, security is better and speed is equivalent to the good for broadband voice, data and video.
WiMAX is built on a foundation more secure than with previous wireless technology. Therefore, the mobile government application techniques can be applied to a more advanced encryption and authentication techniques and other security mechanisms necessary to protect information that is confidential / sensitive.
By processing the data with a relatively large size will become easier. Therefore, the development of mobile government application that is critical, and involve large data, for example, an application that is used when the disaster occurred or for military purposes. In addition, a mobile government service, previously only used by the majority of the population in urban areas, with WiMAX will be more easy to access from rural areas. In addition, in many situations, especially in tense situations such as disaster, the WiMAX can be done quickly, will enable the availability of secure communication channels to transfer data, audio or video coverage of the short distance further than the previous technology.
At the time of disaster is often the existing telecommunications infrastructure is damaged. To make communication with the central assistance is usually used a wireless communication network. Another obstacle is the condition of the road to reach the disaster areas that often follow make it so damaged that the team will provide assistance. In situations like this, the use of WiMAX will be very helpful because the communication to the help center can still be done even if separated by a distance that is far enough. In addition, the data will make it easier for officers in the field, such as blueprint, map or other supporting information can be transmitted in real time from the help center. Thus, the officers in the field can carry much more up to its duty.
In situations requiring medical assistance officer. WiMAX could function as a means to create a "mobile hospital". Officers in the field can consult with doctors via video at the hospital who will then provide instructions on how to safely move the victim or provide first aid. By using WiMAX, medical service unit in an ambulance for example, can move from one location to another location in the disaster areas with the lines of communication remain available. This is possible because at the time of communication through mobile WiMAX network can be done with data transfer speeds are still high. The use of WiMAX to help communication in disaster management has previously been done by Intel in 2005 to help provide telecommunications infrastructure in areas affected by the Storm Katrina in the United States.
In many countries, including Indonesia in the license for the use of WiMAX has not been given to the mobile operator. The plan, WiMAX tender will be held in Indonesia in the quarter IV regulations in line with the new WiMAX akan exit end of this year. Regulation is in akan covers the frequency spectrum allocation, standardization and business models.
Springboard Consulting study predicts that the WiMAX market in the Asia-Pacific countries will be dominated by India, Japan, Pakistan and China (More can be read clearly in the http. How about Indonesia? In some countries a WiMAX service is available, generally set rates that are more expensive. This may be caused by the initial investment cost that has been spent and the number of customers that are still a bit because it is still introduced. We hope in future the use of WiMAX can be a solution for telecommunication access to equity to all corners of Indonesia with an affordable price. (completed)
Challenges in the face in implementation WiMAX
In development there are several challenges and constraints associated with the WiMAX technology and device
a. Readiness of the device
Few vendors have devices that comply denganWiMAX certified. However, there are several vendors who are ready with the device pre WiMAXnya (in the sense of living in order to upgrade the software only comply with WiMAX).
b. Government regulation
As happens with other countries in the world then the Indonesian government has not set any frekuensiWiMAX that will be used. Likely to create vendor first WiMAX devices in the 3.5 GHz frequency. Meanwhile, Indonesia is also the frequency used for communication satelit.Sehingga required the determination of the appropriate frequency range agarmenguntungkan good for operators, regulators and users
Benefits of the WiMAX
Benefits of WiMAX
With the IEEE 802.16-2004 standard, expected to be obtained various
benefits, such as the availability of network services more quickly (even in areas
is difficult to reach by cable-based network), the installation cost is lower, and the ability to overcome the physical limitations that are based in the network cable. To maintain the optimum performance, also supports the 802.16 network QoS (quality of service) that is needed in the audio and video connections.
Besides the already mentioned previously, the implementation of the 802.16 standard will bring benefits for the service (and service provider network) and for users. This advantage, among others, availability of broadband services on demand, broadband services in the housing, the network service in remote areas, and exploration dimungkinkannya (roaming) between hotspot-MAN by users. With broadband on demand, places that was not
have high-speed Internet access (due to the limited scope of the cable modem and DSL), will be able to get service without waiting braodband long. For modern business and large companies, Internet access such as this surely is a need that can not be bargained again. Also for home users who crave long broadband access.
Attendance akan 802.16 standard allows them to get services
DSL sekualitas with the installation easier and a more remote distance. As we know, DSL service has limited the distance, ie, about 5 km from the customer to the telephone exchange Automatic / STO. If the distance is longer than this, usually there will be a decrease in quality. Therefore, DSL service usually only found in urban areas. By using 802.16 access via the network, the location had potential Internet customers will not be a major problem again.
802.16 Use of this network also allows the company to the
easily connected to broadband services, now must be moved from one location to a business location other business (or during a business expansion or business). Without having to depend on the cable phone service, the company will be able to connect the branches to headquarters via the Internet or VoIP network using 802.16.
WiMAX in the future
How the position of WiMAX compared to other wireless communication? As said before, has a WiMAX 802.16e standard will be directed to provide data communications for handheld devices. However, it does not mean that this standard will replace the 3G services to communicate.
The limited frequency spectrum in the 3G is anxious to make the service provider. They thought that this limitation can inhibit the increased data transfer via network selularnya. The operator is anxious that the spectrum they have will not be able to meet the communication needs of voice and data customers. In this case, the role of WiMAX is required. 802.16e standard can act as a provider of data services that will be communicating with the voice-based 3G services. This standard can be used to expand existing services. Although can be a complement to the 3G network, WiMAX will be focused to provide a wireless data communication, and not to provide voice communication wirelessly.
How about the market potential offered by WiMAX? The industry analysts estimate that so far the potential markets by WiMAX dikandung this number in the range of U.S. $ 3 billion - U.S. $ 5 billion in 2009. Who does not akan tergiur with the potential of the market? Not surprisingly, if the vendor device and telecommunication network race began to develop and market a variety of devices based on 802.16 standards.
For example, the Nokia some time ago news agree coupled
hands with Intel to complete the 802.16e standard, and develop the infrastructure and mobile devices that can support the standard. Intel and ArrayComm (vendor of the antenna) has also formed a partnership to develop a smart antenna in accordance with the 802.16 standard. Does not want to lag, Navini Networks (telecommunications device vendor) of the range products, among other devices and the client base station, which is run according to standard 802.16e. Dikabarkan client device will be available at the end of this year (which will be followed by the modem PC card format the device and base station in 2006).
Sprint, one of the United States telecommunications operator, also agreed to
the test equipment to Motorola WiMAX production run at a frequency of 2.5 GHz. In addition, Sprint says will work with Intel to develop a communication device that supports WiMAX, to provide multimedia services for Sprint customers.
With the enthusiasm of vendors so high, the analyst estimates
WiMAX-based network that may be available commercially at the end of the
in 2007 or at the latest in the year 2008. Which may be noted from
enthusiasm that is the tendency of the vendor's 3G services (especially
infrastructure vendors) that offer products based on 3G and WiMAX.
The trend is also seen that the vendor is taking the approach that kompromistis with emphasis on services based on 3G.
Previously, not long at WiMAX effect, among many states that WiMAX technology will drown 3G technology. But now, the vendors such as Nokia states that WiMAX will become a perfect assistant for 3G, which allows the availability of broadband services with multimedia contents.
So where WiMAX will actually lead? The fact analysts still can not answer the question. This is triggered by the development of cellular technology that turns the fly. 4g technology Maraknya experiment based on various principles of the same with that used in the WiMAX meluluhlantakkan have been predicted by experts. Therefore, the analyst states that the witness whether WiMAX will live side by side, sink, or there would be a successful provider of technology is an interesting attraction at this mid-decade.
Alqhadafi
Jurusan teknik informatika
Fakultas teknologi industri,Universitas Trisakti
Jln.Kyai Tapa No. 1 Grogol Jakarta Barat
Email : Dafi_3sakti07@yahoo.com
Abstrak
To date, the user wireless internet (wireless) has been made with curious akan segera muculnya technology WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). WiMAX is an evolution of wireless broadband technology before. This technology is designed to meet kondsi non-LOS (Line if Sight) for using OFDM techniques.
With the same case with Wifi (Wiresless Fidelity), WiMAX allows for wireless internet connection with speeds reaching 70 Mbps or 35 times faster than ADSL channel. The new technical standard called 802.16, the also have coverage up to tens of kilometers with the disbanding Wifi capability that only hundreds of meters. WiMAX technology is one of the solutions to be able to develop information technology in a city or rural coverage due to the distance 50 km, making it possible to re-coverage under this seluruhnya.Berikut reviews about WiMAX good views of the technology, standards and challenges.
Positioning WiMAX Technology
When the previous wireless broadband technology is still proprietary, the WiMAX standard will be open (the withdrawal on the CDMA and GSM cellular and WLAN communication with the IEEE 802.11 standard). Many wireless technology (wireless) that has been performed in the field, such as cellular (GSM and CDMA), Wireless Broadband Access (Wireless IP Wireless or DSL), Wireless LAN (standard 802.11 a / b / g), and Wireless PAN (Bluetooth or RFID)
WiMAX technology is also promising features that are able bersaingdengan standard ASDL and third generation mobile phone (3G). According to the report view Telecom, WiMAX will take about 40% wide band wireless market in 2009. Along denganitu "WiMAX will be the main competitor for mobile generasiketiga (3G) that will control 60% of wide-band wireless market at the same time
INTRODUCTION
In Indonesia, WiMAX is not yet popuper Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity). However, as one of the countries licensed WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability Mobile Access), Indonesia has the authority to apply this technology to the telecommunications operator, mobile operator that has both the readiness readiness readiness of the infrastructure and operational-maintanance. WiMAX broadband wireless access are expected to provide fresh wind in the middle of the competition in the telecommunications industry and market needs.
Session in International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in June 2007, included in the WiMAX standard IMT-2000. Standard is also known as the standard third-generation mobile telecommunications (3G) spectrum covering 2.5 to 2.69 Gigahertz.
Are currently undergoing WiMAX coexistence studies to ensure its status as one of the 3G technology. Moreover, through its standard IMTAdvanced ITU, WiMAX technology to be ready 4g
WiMAX is not ready dikembang luaskan,
because of several issues:
- WiMAX Forum cases involved violations
copyright on the technology
- Manufacturer chipset is not yet release
with cheap patent royalties and its
- Forum is not yet in acclamation
determine the standard of
WiMAX IMPLEMENTATION IN THE FIELD
Applications that use the WiMAX network has several advantages including: the installation is generally relatively easy (especially apda geographic areas with obstacles), increase in performance and resilience (robustness) of applications, the network is entirely based on IP, security is better and speed is equivalent to the good for broadband voice, data and video.
WiMAX is built on a foundation more secure than with previous wireless technology. Therefore, the mobile government application techniques can be applied to a more advanced encryption and authentication techniques and other security mechanisms necessary to protect information that is confidential / sensitive.
By processing the data with a relatively large size will become easier. Therefore, the development of mobile government application that is critical, and involve large data, for example, an application that is used when the disaster occurred or for military purposes. In addition, a mobile government service, previously only used by the majority of the population in urban areas, with WiMAX will be more easy to access from rural areas. In addition, in many situations, especially in tense situations such as disaster, the WiMAX can be done quickly, will enable the availability of secure communication channels to transfer data, audio or video coverage of the short distance further than the previous technology.
At the time of disaster is often the existing telecommunications infrastructure is damaged. To make communication with the central assistance is usually used a wireless communication network. Another obstacle is the condition of the road to reach the disaster areas that often follow make it so damaged that the team will provide assistance. In situations like this, the use of WiMAX will be very helpful because the communication to the help center can still be done even if separated by a distance that is far enough. In addition, the data will make it easier for officers in the field, such as blueprint, map or other supporting information can be transmitted in real time from the help center. Thus, the officers in the field can carry much more up to its duty.
In situations requiring medical assistance officer. WiMAX could function as a means to create a "mobile hospital". Officers in the field can consult with doctors via video at the hospital who will then provide instructions on how to safely move the victim or provide first aid. By using WiMAX, medical service unit in an ambulance for example, can move from one location to another location in the disaster areas with the lines of communication remain available. This is possible because at the time of communication through mobile WiMAX network can be done with data transfer speeds are still high. The use of WiMAX to help communication in disaster management has previously been done by Intel in 2005 to help provide telecommunications infrastructure in areas affected by the Storm Katrina in the United States.
In many countries, including Indonesia in the license for the use of WiMAX has not been given to the mobile operator. The plan, WiMAX tender will be held in Indonesia in the quarter IV regulations in line with the new WiMAX akan exit end of this year. Regulation is in akan covers the frequency spectrum allocation, standardization and business models.
Springboard Consulting study predicts that the WiMAX market in the Asia-Pacific countries will be dominated by India, Japan, Pakistan and China (More can be read clearly in the http. How about Indonesia? In some countries a WiMAX service is available, generally set rates that are more expensive. This may be caused by the initial investment cost that has been spent and the number of customers that are still a bit because it is still introduced. We hope in future the use of WiMAX can be a solution for telecommunication access to equity to all corners of Indonesia with an affordable price. (completed)
Challenges in the face in implementation WiMAX
In development there are several challenges and constraints associated with the WiMAX technology and device
a. Readiness of the device
Few vendors have devices that comply denganWiMAX certified. However, there are several vendors who are ready with the device pre WiMAXnya (in the sense of living in order to upgrade the software only comply with WiMAX).
b. Government regulation
As happens with other countries in the world then the Indonesian government has not set any frekuensiWiMAX that will be used. Likely to create vendor first WiMAX devices in the 3.5 GHz frequency. Meanwhile, Indonesia is also the frequency used for communication satelit.Sehingga required the determination of the appropriate frequency range agarmenguntungkan good for operators, regulators and users
Benefits of the WiMAX
Benefits of WiMAX
With the IEEE 802.16-2004 standard, expected to be obtained various
benefits, such as the availability of network services more quickly (even in areas
is difficult to reach by cable-based network), the installation cost is lower, and the ability to overcome the physical limitations that are based in the network cable. To maintain the optimum performance, also supports the 802.16 network QoS (quality of service) that is needed in the audio and video connections.
Besides the already mentioned previously, the implementation of the 802.16 standard will bring benefits for the service (and service provider network) and for users. This advantage, among others, availability of broadband services on demand, broadband services in the housing, the network service in remote areas, and exploration dimungkinkannya (roaming) between hotspot-MAN by users. With broadband on demand, places that was not
have high-speed Internet access (due to the limited scope of the cable modem and DSL), will be able to get service without waiting braodband long. For modern business and large companies, Internet access such as this surely is a need that can not be bargained again. Also for home users who crave long broadband access.
Attendance akan 802.16 standard allows them to get services
DSL sekualitas with the installation easier and a more remote distance. As we know, DSL service has limited the distance, ie, about 5 km from the customer to the telephone exchange Automatic / STO. If the distance is longer than this, usually there will be a decrease in quality. Therefore, DSL service usually only found in urban areas. By using 802.16 access via the network, the location had potential Internet customers will not be a major problem again.
802.16 Use of this network also allows the company to the
easily connected to broadband services, now must be moved from one location to a business location other business (or during a business expansion or business). Without having to depend on the cable phone service, the company will be able to connect the branches to headquarters via the Internet or VoIP network using 802.16.
WiMAX in the future
How the position of WiMAX compared to other wireless communication? As said before, has a WiMAX 802.16e standard will be directed to provide data communications for handheld devices. However, it does not mean that this standard will replace the 3G services to communicate.
The limited frequency spectrum in the 3G is anxious to make the service provider. They thought that this limitation can inhibit the increased data transfer via network selularnya. The operator is anxious that the spectrum they have will not be able to meet the communication needs of voice and data customers. In this case, the role of WiMAX is required. 802.16e standard can act as a provider of data services that will be communicating with the voice-based 3G services. This standard can be used to expand existing services. Although can be a complement to the 3G network, WiMAX will be focused to provide a wireless data communication, and not to provide voice communication wirelessly.
How about the market potential offered by WiMAX? The industry analysts estimate that so far the potential markets by WiMAX dikandung this number in the range of U.S. $ 3 billion - U.S. $ 5 billion in 2009. Who does not akan tergiur with the potential of the market? Not surprisingly, if the vendor device and telecommunication network race began to develop and market a variety of devices based on 802.16 standards.
For example, the Nokia some time ago news agree coupled
hands with Intel to complete the 802.16e standard, and develop the infrastructure and mobile devices that can support the standard. Intel and ArrayComm (vendor of the antenna) has also formed a partnership to develop a smart antenna in accordance with the 802.16 standard. Does not want to lag, Navini Networks (telecommunications device vendor) of the range products, among other devices and the client base station, which is run according to standard 802.16e. Dikabarkan client device will be available at the end of this year (which will be followed by the modem PC card format the device and base station in 2006).
Sprint, one of the United States telecommunications operator, also agreed to
the test equipment to Motorola WiMAX production run at a frequency of 2.5 GHz. In addition, Sprint says will work with Intel to develop a communication device that supports WiMAX, to provide multimedia services for Sprint customers.
With the enthusiasm of vendors so high, the analyst estimates
WiMAX-based network that may be available commercially at the end of the
in 2007 or at the latest in the year 2008. Which may be noted from
enthusiasm that is the tendency of the vendor's 3G services (especially
infrastructure vendors) that offer products based on 3G and WiMAX.
The trend is also seen that the vendor is taking the approach that kompromistis with emphasis on services based on 3G.
Previously, not long at WiMAX effect, among many states that WiMAX technology will drown 3G technology. But now, the vendors such as Nokia states that WiMAX will become a perfect assistant for 3G, which allows the availability of broadband services with multimedia contents.
So where WiMAX will actually lead? The fact analysts still can not answer the question. This is triggered by the development of cellular technology that turns the fly. 4g technology Maraknya experiment based on various principles of the same with that used in the WiMAX meluluhlantakkan have been predicted by experts. Therefore, the analyst states that the witness whether WiMAX will live side by side, sink, or there would be a successful provider of technology is an interesting attraction at this mid-decade.
Final Test Dwi Indah Fitriyanti (06407038)
Product Trade Domestic Vs Foreign Affairs
ABSTRACT
When the market abroad is not expected again, the domestic market have been serious indeed. And must be acknowledged that India that has more than 200 million people, is a highly potential market.
Actual movement "Love Products Indonesia" has been long since dikampanyekan. And not long, the Minister of Trade Mari Elka Pangestu raise the issue again. Let mengimbau the housewife to active campaigning for the issue of love products from India each family. Mothers are expected to get their children to love using the product in the country, ranging from food, clothing, and other purposes.
Thus, it is hoped will stimulate demand for products in the country so that it encourages economic growth. In addition, the threat of termination of employment (PHK) due to the global crisis can also be pressed.
INTRODUCTION
Love the product so that the government in the country, is a positive stimulus. Moreover, in the midst of a global crisis at this time, in countries where export demand is significantly reduced.
Obligation is already campaigning for the government to issue "a product of love Indonesia." Encouraging business (retail) to sell more products in the country. Similarly to the consumers that prefer products made in the country.
However, until the appeal is not only pure jargon. Do not up to public officials, who should be role models, would prefer to use the famous brand products from abroad. How can people love the product told their own country?
Similarly, the entrepreneurs, especially the leaders of business associations, should use the product in the country. If they do not use the product in the country, the same product they do not love buatannya own. How can they ask people put the product in the country?
In addition, government and business associations, should apply the product standardization. Before the products in the country dilego to the market, must meet certain quality standards, the withdrawal for the product exported. This respect the new name of one brother.
That is, they must give the value of / for the same award brother countryman setanah water with potential customers abroad. Do not mentang-mentang to local needs, then pooh-pooh a matter of quality. As though the quality of hand to mouth is enough to local consumers. This is a very big mistake.
Especially in the era of the free market at this time. Products from various parts of the world overwhelm our country. Provide more choices for consumers. Moreover, foreign products are able to offer good quality products, innovative, and cheap (can compete). Reasonable only if the consumer in the country and then select the imported products. Who's wrong?
If so, do not consider the consumers in the country seems to "sinners" because the product does not love the nation of children. Because consumers in the country are also entitled to determine the choice and of course would not be injured by buying low quality products.
Product Trade Domestic
Lately India and the global crisis, the impact on the decline in sales in the company Indonesia.Perusahaan-crisis to happen to the many PHK.Apalagi nowadays many people crazy to use the product overseas rather than domestic products in the quality sometimes far better than the product import.Padahal product price in the country is far more "italic" rather than product import.Tapi why still many people who prefer foreign products?
Government policy campaigning Program Product I Love Brazil supported seriously feasible. If done with the serious and successful, the movement will not only help the economy this country, but can also align the people who thought during this crooked.
It is, difficult denied when it is said that the number of people in Indonesia are more proud and confident (confident) use goods abroad, it is very much. They feel out of class when the items attached to the body are made goods in the country.
Perception is that such mengurat meat. It is the symbol of the bourgeois lifestyle. Because of this, so someone experienced economic improvement, the one that is made to replace equipment that belongs to the goods abroad. The big money to be spent, the greater the prestige that dinikmatinya.
Even a group of people often lose the logic sehatnya. They always close the eyes with the products in the country, despite the quality of not less ditawarkannya with foreign goods.
This phenomenon eventually triggering the birth of a legal path''fraud''. Goods products in the country are first transported to foreign countries and then to enter it again to Indonesia with a label overseas. Price can also some times of the operation. In this context, many of the losses experienced by this nation. Meanwhile, the benefits of direngkuh and enjoy other people.
So, if''''sklent it will continue to be left? Of course not. Mentality as a nation we must be second-class erased. Logic people should be straightened as soon as possible. They must be freed from the fetters that prestige is often irrational. Of course it is not easy matter. That's the lifestyle community. Therefore, a resistance that can be done is to make a cultural movement that must be consciously dikampanyekan, effective, patient, ongoing, and by all parties. The role of government and the elite is needed in the movement.
Therefore, it is in the effort to be pitied when campaigning Program I love this product Indonesia colored cross between the statement the Minister of Trade Mari Elka Pengestu and Industry Minister Fahmi Idris matter-need not issued SKB (decree together), which requires that civil servants wear products in the country.
Differences statement that should not need to happen. Because, in fact, successful case movement is not located in a SKB case. More success is determined by the pattern and seriousness of those involved in the campaign.
True said the Minister of Trade, without any required, the majority of civil servants will be using the goods in the country. For, the strength of their economy is not reaching goods abroad that is identical to the expensive price.
But, that does not mean the Minister of Industry wrong. The desire to create dimaknai from SKB have a passion for doing penyadaran. For, if want honest, civil servants, not the product abroad, not because the majority is driven by awareness, but because of incompetence. Thus, the most important now is not the debate should SKB case. But, how do we collectively re-align perception had already hooked it.
Benefits of trade Domestic Product:
• to supply the people when so many people who purchase products in the country. For example, such as employees / working in the factories manufacturing clothes / shirts / and others which is the product of a factory in the country.
• Business Economics India's growing product.
• Can open the field of work more so that it can to help the unemployed who do not have a job.
• Indirectly can meperkenalkan products in the country to many people.
International trade products
International trade is a trade made by the population of a country with other countries on the basis of an agreement. People can be referred to antarperorangan (individuals with individuals), between individuals and the government of a country or government of a country with a government other countries.
According to Amir MS, when compared with the implementation of trade in the country, the international trade is very complicated and complex. Complexity is caused by the following.
• Buyer and seller separated by boundaries statesman
• Barang and must be sent from a country other kenegara through various regulations such as perbedaaan, who come from the restrictions issued by the respective governments.
• Between one country to other countries there are differences in language, currency, and the estimated weight, the law in trade and so forth.
Benefits of international trade Product:
According Sadono Sukirno, the benefits of international trade is as follows.
• Getting the goods can not be produced in the country itself
Many factors affect the differences in the production of each country. These factors are: Conditions geography, climate, level control Iptek and others. With international trade, each country can meet the needs that are not produced themselves.
• Obtaining the benefits of specialization
For the main activity is foreign trade for the benefit realized by a specialist. While a country can produce goods of the same type with that produced by other countries, but sometimes better when the country is importing goods from abroad.
For example:
United States and Japan have the ability to produce cloth. However, Japan can produce more with efesien from the United States. In circumstances like this, to enhance efficiency of production factors, the United States needs to reduce production kainnya and imported goods from Japan.
With a specialization and trade, each country can gain the following
* The factors of production owned by each country can be used with more efesien.
* Each country can enjoy more of the goods can be produced in the country.
• Extending the market and increase profits
Sometimes, the employers do not run the engine-engines (production equipment) to the maximum because they fear there will be a surplus of production, resulting in decrease in their prices. With international trade, the engine can run-up to the engines, and sell surplus products abroad.
• Transfer technology, modern
Foreign trade allows a country to learn production techniques and a more efesien ways a more modern management.
The force product in the International Trade of Home Affairs:
Many factors that motivate a country to international trade in a country, including the following:
• To meet the needs of goods and services in the country
• The benefits and increase income countries
• The ability to control the difference between science and technology culture in economic resources
• There is a surplus product in the country so need a new market to sell the product.
• There is a difference in circumstances such as natural resources, climate, labor, culture, and the population of the cause of differences in production and the limited production.
• There is a similarity in taste to the goods.
• The desire to open cooperation, political relations and support from other countries.
The occurrence of the globalization era, so not a single country in the world can live alone.
CONCLUSION
So, Domestic Product does not lose it with the product outside. Production in the country have recognized the quality, even from the after sales is considered better, for that, so that consumers do not hesitate to use the innovation nation's children, but many people who have ideas and are unique in making a good item so that it can create a product good, which is the characteristic of quality and also does not get far with the preparation of Foreign Products. So it can compete in the extent internasinal However, our society still have a sense of lack of awareness of the products in the country. Many diversity so that our country is in akui by other countries. Contonya batik is already akui d by other countries.
SUGGESTIONS
Create a web or blog that data is used to promote products in negeri.sehingga products in the country can further develop and add more advanced. The government should emphasize more on policy yag was created in order to face the problems that can be reduced from the previous one.
ABSTRACT
When the market abroad is not expected again, the domestic market have been serious indeed. And must be acknowledged that India that has more than 200 million people, is a highly potential market.
Actual movement "Love Products Indonesia" has been long since dikampanyekan. And not long, the Minister of Trade Mari Elka Pangestu raise the issue again. Let mengimbau the housewife to active campaigning for the issue of love products from India each family. Mothers are expected to get their children to love using the product in the country, ranging from food, clothing, and other purposes.
Thus, it is hoped will stimulate demand for products in the country so that it encourages economic growth. In addition, the threat of termination of employment (PHK) due to the global crisis can also be pressed.
INTRODUCTION
Love the product so that the government in the country, is a positive stimulus. Moreover, in the midst of a global crisis at this time, in countries where export demand is significantly reduced.
Obligation is already campaigning for the government to issue "a product of love Indonesia." Encouraging business (retail) to sell more products in the country. Similarly to the consumers that prefer products made in the country.
However, until the appeal is not only pure jargon. Do not up to public officials, who should be role models, would prefer to use the famous brand products from abroad. How can people love the product told their own country?
Similarly, the entrepreneurs, especially the leaders of business associations, should use the product in the country. If they do not use the product in the country, the same product they do not love buatannya own. How can they ask people put the product in the country?
In addition, government and business associations, should apply the product standardization. Before the products in the country dilego to the market, must meet certain quality standards, the withdrawal for the product exported. This respect the new name of one brother.
That is, they must give the value of / for the same award brother countryman setanah water with potential customers abroad. Do not mentang-mentang to local needs, then pooh-pooh a matter of quality. As though the quality of hand to mouth is enough to local consumers. This is a very big mistake.
Especially in the era of the free market at this time. Products from various parts of the world overwhelm our country. Provide more choices for consumers. Moreover, foreign products are able to offer good quality products, innovative, and cheap (can compete). Reasonable only if the consumer in the country and then select the imported products. Who's wrong?
If so, do not consider the consumers in the country seems to "sinners" because the product does not love the nation of children. Because consumers in the country are also entitled to determine the choice and of course would not be injured by buying low quality products.
Product Trade Domestic
Lately India and the global crisis, the impact on the decline in sales in the company Indonesia.Perusahaan-crisis to happen to the many PHK.Apalagi nowadays many people crazy to use the product overseas rather than domestic products in the quality sometimes far better than the product import.Padahal product price in the country is far more "italic" rather than product import.Tapi why still many people who prefer foreign products?
Government policy campaigning Program Product I Love Brazil supported seriously feasible. If done with the serious and successful, the movement will not only help the economy this country, but can also align the people who thought during this crooked.
It is, difficult denied when it is said that the number of people in Indonesia are more proud and confident (confident) use goods abroad, it is very much. They feel out of class when the items attached to the body are made goods in the country.
Perception is that such mengurat meat. It is the symbol of the bourgeois lifestyle. Because of this, so someone experienced economic improvement, the one that is made to replace equipment that belongs to the goods abroad. The big money to be spent, the greater the prestige that dinikmatinya.
Even a group of people often lose the logic sehatnya. They always close the eyes with the products in the country, despite the quality of not less ditawarkannya with foreign goods.
This phenomenon eventually triggering the birth of a legal path''fraud''. Goods products in the country are first transported to foreign countries and then to enter it again to Indonesia with a label overseas. Price can also some times of the operation. In this context, many of the losses experienced by this nation. Meanwhile, the benefits of direngkuh and enjoy other people.
So, if''''sklent it will continue to be left? Of course not. Mentality as a nation we must be second-class erased. Logic people should be straightened as soon as possible. They must be freed from the fetters that prestige is often irrational. Of course it is not easy matter. That's the lifestyle community. Therefore, a resistance that can be done is to make a cultural movement that must be consciously dikampanyekan, effective, patient, ongoing, and by all parties. The role of government and the elite is needed in the movement.
Therefore, it is in the effort to be pitied when campaigning Program I love this product Indonesia colored cross between the statement the Minister of Trade Mari Elka Pengestu and Industry Minister Fahmi Idris matter-need not issued SKB (decree together), which requires that civil servants wear products in the country.
Differences statement that should not need to happen. Because, in fact, successful case movement is not located in a SKB case. More success is determined by the pattern and seriousness of those involved in the campaign.
True said the Minister of Trade, without any required, the majority of civil servants will be using the goods in the country. For, the strength of their economy is not reaching goods abroad that is identical to the expensive price.
But, that does not mean the Minister of Industry wrong. The desire to create dimaknai from SKB have a passion for doing penyadaran. For, if want honest, civil servants, not the product abroad, not because the majority is driven by awareness, but because of incompetence. Thus, the most important now is not the debate should SKB case. But, how do we collectively re-align perception had already hooked it.
Benefits of trade Domestic Product:
• to supply the people when so many people who purchase products in the country. For example, such as employees / working in the factories manufacturing clothes / shirts / and others which is the product of a factory in the country.
• Business Economics India's growing product.
• Can open the field of work more so that it can to help the unemployed who do not have a job.
• Indirectly can meperkenalkan products in the country to many people.
International trade products
International trade is a trade made by the population of a country with other countries on the basis of an agreement. People can be referred to antarperorangan (individuals with individuals), between individuals and the government of a country or government of a country with a government other countries.
According to Amir MS, when compared with the implementation of trade in the country, the international trade is very complicated and complex. Complexity is caused by the following.
• Buyer and seller separated by boundaries statesman
• Barang and must be sent from a country other kenegara through various regulations such as perbedaaan, who come from the restrictions issued by the respective governments.
• Between one country to other countries there are differences in language, currency, and the estimated weight, the law in trade and so forth.
Benefits of international trade Product:
According Sadono Sukirno, the benefits of international trade is as follows.
• Getting the goods can not be produced in the country itself
Many factors affect the differences in the production of each country. These factors are: Conditions geography, climate, level control Iptek and others. With international trade, each country can meet the needs that are not produced themselves.
• Obtaining the benefits of specialization
For the main activity is foreign trade for the benefit realized by a specialist. While a country can produce goods of the same type with that produced by other countries, but sometimes better when the country is importing goods from abroad.
For example:
United States and Japan have the ability to produce cloth. However, Japan can produce more with efesien from the United States. In circumstances like this, to enhance efficiency of production factors, the United States needs to reduce production kainnya and imported goods from Japan.
With a specialization and trade, each country can gain the following
* The factors of production owned by each country can be used with more efesien.
* Each country can enjoy more of the goods can be produced in the country.
• Extending the market and increase profits
Sometimes, the employers do not run the engine-engines (production equipment) to the maximum because they fear there will be a surplus of production, resulting in decrease in their prices. With international trade, the engine can run-up to the engines, and sell surplus products abroad.
• Transfer technology, modern
Foreign trade allows a country to learn production techniques and a more efesien ways a more modern management.
The force product in the International Trade of Home Affairs:
Many factors that motivate a country to international trade in a country, including the following:
• To meet the needs of goods and services in the country
• The benefits and increase income countries
• The ability to control the difference between science and technology culture in economic resources
• There is a surplus product in the country so need a new market to sell the product.
• There is a difference in circumstances such as natural resources, climate, labor, culture, and the population of the cause of differences in production and the limited production.
• There is a similarity in taste to the goods.
• The desire to open cooperation, political relations and support from other countries.
The occurrence of the globalization era, so not a single country in the world can live alone.
CONCLUSION
So, Domestic Product does not lose it with the product outside. Production in the country have recognized the quality, even from the after sales is considered better, for that, so that consumers do not hesitate to use the innovation nation's children, but many people who have ideas and are unique in making a good item so that it can create a product good, which is the characteristic of quality and also does not get far with the preparation of Foreign Products. So it can compete in the extent internasinal However, our society still have a sense of lack of awareness of the products in the country. Many diversity so that our country is in akui by other countries. Contonya batik is already akui d by other countries.
SUGGESTIONS
Create a web or blog that data is used to promote products in negeri.sehingga products in the country can further develop and add more advanced. The government should emphasize more on policy yag was created in order to face the problems that can be reduced from the previous one.
Final Test R. Dany Januardi A. (065.07.005)
Pressing the operational costs with Open source
Abstract:
Open source software is the term used for software that open / free source code to be viewed by other people and let other people know how to work the software and fix the weaknesses in the software. And interesting and one advantage is that the Open source software can be obtained and used for free without having to pay a license. Usually people get this software from the internet. One of the open source software that is a popular Linux.
Discussion
The existence of open source software is greatly supported by the internet. Firstly Open source software is taken from the internet and used by people and when there is a fixed error. Improvement results from open source is then published via the Internet that allows people to use and improve it. And so forth. While this is very easy to get open source software on the internet.
Development of open source software involves many people from various corners of the world interact through the internet. So bermunculanlah variety of software that is made based on open source is the published via the internet. This pattern of open source developers have been the birth-developer of the powerful range of the world.
Pattern with open source anyone can create and develop what is called free software. This software can be used without having to pay license or copyright because the pattern is developed with open source. So, with the pattern of open source software can develop and publish freely on the internet. So do not wonder when we will find lots of free software on the internet and can be freely downloaded without the need to pay any money sepeser to software developers.
Free software is also here not programs peas. Presumption that the goods free of ugly quality does not apply for free software. Because kehandalannya already evident. And because free software based on open source software is the process through continuous improvement. So there is no reason not to use free software like this for reasons that are not good quality.
With the characteristics mentioned above it is not wrong when we hope to put this on the open source platform as an alternative that we can use in our computer. Open source implementation of the pattern in Indonesia can also remove the commercial software illegally and allows the people of Indonesia, the ciptanya involved with developing open source software.
Conclusion:
Science is indeed useful as a shared cost with the bottom, so the more people who terbantu in kehidupannya.Open source is one way that can be adopted in implementing this, because with the opensource costs incurred for the various fields can be .
• computer pc
http://organisasi.org/penjelasan-pengertian-open-source-software-dan-free-software
Abstract:
Open source software is the term used for software that open / free source code to be viewed by other people and let other people know how to work the software and fix the weaknesses in the software. And interesting and one advantage is that the Open source software can be obtained and used for free without having to pay a license. Usually people get this software from the internet. One of the open source software that is a popular Linux.
Discussion
The existence of open source software is greatly supported by the internet. Firstly Open source software is taken from the internet and used by people and when there is a fixed error. Improvement results from open source is then published via the Internet that allows people to use and improve it. And so forth. While this is very easy to get open source software on the internet.
Development of open source software involves many people from various corners of the world interact through the internet. So bermunculanlah variety of software that is made based on open source is the published via the internet. This pattern of open source developers have been the birth-developer of the powerful range of the world.
Pattern with open source anyone can create and develop what is called free software. This software can be used without having to pay license or copyright because the pattern is developed with open source. So, with the pattern of open source software can develop and publish freely on the internet. So do not wonder when we will find lots of free software on the internet and can be freely downloaded without the need to pay any money sepeser to software developers.
Free software is also here not programs peas. Presumption that the goods free of ugly quality does not apply for free software. Because kehandalannya already evident. And because free software based on open source software is the process through continuous improvement. So there is no reason not to use free software like this for reasons that are not good quality.
With the characteristics mentioned above it is not wrong when we hope to put this on the open source platform as an alternative that we can use in our computer. Open source implementation of the pattern in Indonesia can also remove the commercial software illegally and allows the people of Indonesia, the ciptanya involved with developing open source software.
Conclusion:
Science is indeed useful as a shared cost with the bottom, so the more people who terbantu in kehidupannya.Open source is one way that can be adopted in implementing this, because with the opensource costs incurred for the various fields can be .
• computer pc
http://organisasi.org/penjelasan-pengertian-open-source-software-dan-free-software
Final Test Endah Andini (064.03.070)
Structured Planning Informations Technology Organization
In End-user Company
Endah Andini
Universitas Trisakti
Jakarta
Abstract : The effectiveness of structured planning informations technology organization enables the company to work effective too. Organization’s structured which executes human resources as the most important part, nowdays, it focused to its company which will explore itself becomes more efficient to answer all sorts of the changing in technology which pointed to system’s transition and the pattern of human resources. There are much methods can be used to plan a structured planning information technology organization. One method that can be used is by doing adjustment with controlling a part of information technology from planning area, development to operation. The effectiveness of information technology organization is expected to answer the issues about information’s technology activity in company level and to give maximum advantages for its human resources, technology, also other various people that related inside.
Keywords : information technology organization, end-user company.
Each company has it own policy about its IT was built. The policy could come from the internal of a company such human resources, financial to the adjustment with a business strategy or it comes from the external of a company such shareholder or the outsider who is involved in determining how the company is running.
One telecommunication company, for example, would be different with other manufacturing or marketing company in determining how its IT organization was developed. However on the same type of company has differences in quality of human resources, the time running, and working experience that compelled a modification based on the reality.
Basically, there is no mistake about the structured that already in used, moreover if the system was run-out well. In spite of, an issue will be traced over if the most effective organization’s model can be used for its company. The last aim is to make it related and responsive in facing technology development that runs fast.
VARIOUSITY OF COMPANY
End-user company refers to company which given advantages of information technology as a supporting unit, where the main idea of this business isn’t in information technology such development, installation, or implementation service but in other business field that is unrelated directly.
Practically, telecommunication company, manufacturing or marketing can be classified as an end-user company. Besides company who has specialized in software development, implementation system another services company that its business field as an information technology provider is unspecialized to the end-user company.
URGENCY OF EFFECTIVENESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION
Organization represents a group of people who work together to gain a purpose with structure and certain current decision. This certain structure is determined by needs and condition in the field.
Each company could make their own information technology organization. Despite of, in reality, it often has a collision and piling up in job which can reduce a working efficiency.
Company which applied the effectiveness of information technology organization could increase working efficiency so that it becomes better. Team-work which ends to the moral of a better employee becomes a reason whether effectiveness of information technology organization needs to be implemented in company.
CONTROLLING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Information technology organization is based on how the company do the controlling its information technology part. This controlling is done by giving attention how big investment’s cost is and the risk which was expelled from each development process is done. Information technology investment is a cost investment and highly risk so that usually a company not always do the total implementation to its overall system. Usually, this implementation is done by the following steps :
1. preparation stage
2. development stage
3. implementation stage
4. evaluation stage
5. operation stage
if it is formed in a pyramid, it will arrange from planning, development/engineering and operation.
Fig 1. Controlling Information Technology
In each stage, the related resources are not always same. It’s needed proporsionality that is adjusted by the time steps and will make controlling information’s technology process becomes more effective.
ORGANIZATION PLANNING
From the controlling information’s technology model above, it can be descended directly to a proper organization model. In this case, the organization is built with a following model.
Fig 2. Planning of Information Technology Organization
HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
The effectiveness of information technology organization could do a development which is effective too. The easiest development that people can do is a development towards the system which includes software and hardware. However the hardest development is a development towards human resources.
Human resources development doesn’t like a hardware development which increase a certain part that can cause the working becomes better. Human resources and a competency inside are complex issues.
CONCLUSION
Planning of information technology organization above is based from a model that is one simple way in a best practices so that it won’t close the possibility for other models. A better models development in the future and its evaluation are very decisive for the next model which the company will be implemented.
Finally, organization is a group of people that are very expensive which company has. A better controlling towards human resources that related with IT certainly will give a positive impact towards company’s ability.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Cohn, Michael D, Information technology governance, Wolf & Company, P.C., 2003
• ---, Board Briefing on IT Governance, IT Governance Institute, 2003
In End-user Company
Endah Andini
Universitas Trisakti
Jakarta
Abstract : The effectiveness of structured planning informations technology organization enables the company to work effective too. Organization’s structured which executes human resources as the most important part, nowdays, it focused to its company which will explore itself becomes more efficient to answer all sorts of the changing in technology which pointed to system’s transition and the pattern of human resources. There are much methods can be used to plan a structured planning information technology organization. One method that can be used is by doing adjustment with controlling a part of information technology from planning area, development to operation. The effectiveness of information technology organization is expected to answer the issues about information’s technology activity in company level and to give maximum advantages for its human resources, technology, also other various people that related inside.
Keywords : information technology organization, end-user company.
Each company has it own policy about its IT was built. The policy could come from the internal of a company such human resources, financial to the adjustment with a business strategy or it comes from the external of a company such shareholder or the outsider who is involved in determining how the company is running.
One telecommunication company, for example, would be different with other manufacturing or marketing company in determining how its IT organization was developed. However on the same type of company has differences in quality of human resources, the time running, and working experience that compelled a modification based on the reality.
Basically, there is no mistake about the structured that already in used, moreover if the system was run-out well. In spite of, an issue will be traced over if the most effective organization’s model can be used for its company. The last aim is to make it related and responsive in facing technology development that runs fast.
VARIOUSITY OF COMPANY
End-user company refers to company which given advantages of information technology as a supporting unit, where the main idea of this business isn’t in information technology such development, installation, or implementation service but in other business field that is unrelated directly.
Practically, telecommunication company, manufacturing or marketing can be classified as an end-user company. Besides company who has specialized in software development, implementation system another services company that its business field as an information technology provider is unspecialized to the end-user company.
URGENCY OF EFFECTIVENESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION
Organization represents a group of people who work together to gain a purpose with structure and certain current decision. This certain structure is determined by needs and condition in the field.
Each company could make their own information technology organization. Despite of, in reality, it often has a collision and piling up in job which can reduce a working efficiency.
Company which applied the effectiveness of information technology organization could increase working efficiency so that it becomes better. Team-work which ends to the moral of a better employee becomes a reason whether effectiveness of information technology organization needs to be implemented in company.
CONTROLLING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Information technology organization is based on how the company do the controlling its information technology part. This controlling is done by giving attention how big investment’s cost is and the risk which was expelled from each development process is done. Information technology investment is a cost investment and highly risk so that usually a company not always do the total implementation to its overall system. Usually, this implementation is done by the following steps :
1. preparation stage
2. development stage
3. implementation stage
4. evaluation stage
5. operation stage
if it is formed in a pyramid, it will arrange from planning, development/engineering and operation.
Fig 1. Controlling Information Technology
In each stage, the related resources are not always same. It’s needed proporsionality that is adjusted by the time steps and will make controlling information’s technology process becomes more effective.
ORGANIZATION PLANNING
From the controlling information’s technology model above, it can be descended directly to a proper organization model. In this case, the organization is built with a following model.
Fig 2. Planning of Information Technology Organization
HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
The effectiveness of information technology organization could do a development which is effective too. The easiest development that people can do is a development towards the system which includes software and hardware. However the hardest development is a development towards human resources.
Human resources development doesn’t like a hardware development which increase a certain part that can cause the working becomes better. Human resources and a competency inside are complex issues.
CONCLUSION
Planning of information technology organization above is based from a model that is one simple way in a best practices so that it won’t close the possibility for other models. A better models development in the future and its evaluation are very decisive for the next model which the company will be implemented.
Finally, organization is a group of people that are very expensive which company has. A better controlling towards human resources that related with IT certainly will give a positive impact towards company’s ability.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Cohn, Michael D, Information technology governance, Wolf & Company, P.C., 2003
• ---, Board Briefing on IT Governance, IT Governance Institute, 2003
uas information economi
OKTARINA MAHARANI (064.07.007)
Development of Indonesia IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Abstark
The development of information technology can improve the performance and allows an activity can be done quickly, precisely and accurately, so that eventually can increase productivity. Development of Information Technology showed different types of activities that are based on this technology, such as e-government, e-commerce, e-education, e-medicine, e-laboratory. That all the electronics based.
Introduction
Information Technology is a technology that used to process data, including , obtain, store, manipulate data in different ways to get information to the quality of the logic information , accurate and timely information that is used for personal, business and government and inormasi which is strategic for decision making. This technology uses a set of computer data for process, the network system to connect one computer with other computers. In accordance with the needs and the technology that is easy to access and the assigned globally. Spur the development of information technology in a new way of life, from start to end of life. Life like this is called e-life means life has been influenced by a variety of needs electronically. And are now shining demgan various letters that begin with the prefix e, such as e-commerce, e-education, e-journal, e-medicine, e-government, e-laboratory, e-libraryi. And another one based electronics. Role of Information Technology In our daily life in the future, the Information Technology sector is the most dominant. Who are these technologies capable then he will become a leader in the world, Information Technology has a role in many areas, including: Education Sector (e-education) Globalization has triggered tend shift in education from the education in the face of conventional, towards a more open education. (M. Mukhopadhyay, 1995), for example in France we see the project "Flexible Learning ". This reminds Ivan Illich at the beginning of the forecast 70-year on an "Education without schools (Deschooling Socieiy)" that the teacher does not ekstrimnya longer needed. Tony Bates (1995) states that technology can improve the quality and range when used wisely for the education and training, and have a sense that is essential for economic prosperity. Romiszowski & Mason (1996) predicts the use of "Computer-based Multimedia Communication (CMC) "which are synchronized and asinkron From the view of the forecast and Cendikiawan above can be concluded that with the inclusion of the influence of globalization, the future of education will be more open and two-way, diverse, multidisipliner, and work productivity related to "immediately" and competitive. The trend of education in Indonesia in the future are: -The development of education with distance learning mode (Distance Learning). Easy to carry out education and distance learning needs entered as the main strategy. With resource-sharing among educational institutions / training in a network -Library & other instruments of education (teachers, laboratory) change the function into a source of information rather than bookshelves. -The use of interactive technology, such as CD-ROM Multimedia in education gradually replace the TV and Video. With the development of information technology in education, then at the time this is likely to be distance learning using the internet media to connect students with the lecturers, students see the value in online, check out their finances, see the lecture schedule, send the tasks given to lecturers and so forth, they can already be done. The main factor in distance learning, which is considered to be a problem is the lack of interaction between lecturers and students. However, with the internet media is very possible to make the interaction between lecturers and students both in the form of real time (real time) or not. In the form of real time can be done in a chatroom, for example, direct interaction with the real audio or real video, and online meeting. That is not real time can be done with the mailing list, discussion group, newsgroup, and bulletin board. With the way the faculty and student interaction in class may be replaced even if not 100%. Forms of materials, test, quiz, and how education can also be implemented into the web, such as materials in the form of lecturers made presentations on the web and can be downloaded by students. Similarly with the test and quizzes created by teachers can also be done in the same way. Currently, almost all the distance learning program in the United States, Australia and Europe can also be accessed via the internet. Studies done by the United States, strongly support developed e-learning, that is computer based learning effective, allows 30% better education, 40% of time is shorter, and costs 30% cheaper. World Bank (World Bank) in 1997, the program has announced the Global Distance Learning Network (GDLN), which has as many as 80 partner countries in the world. Through the GDLN is the World Bank can provide e-learning to students 5 times more (from 30 to be 150 students) with a cost 31% cheaper. In the global era, offers scholarships to appear on the internet. For most students in the world, tuition for the education of best is still generally perceived expensive. Amat be pitied, when students are proficient in the class can not continue just because the school can not afford pay tuition. Scholarship information is the key to success can help student who is a potential. Government in the field (e-government). E-government refers to the use of information technology by government, such as using the intranet and internet, which has the capability of the purposes, business, and other activities. Can process a business transaction between the public and the government through the automation system and internet network, better known as the more common world wide web. At its core e-government is the use of information technology can improve the relationship between the government and the another parties .use information technology is then generate new forms of relationships such as: G2C (Governmet to Citizen), G2B (Government to Business) and G2G (Government to Government). Benefits of e-government that can be perceived, among others: (1) Customer service is better for the community. Information can be provided 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, without waiting when the office will be open. Information can be sought from the office, home, without having to physically come to the office of government. (2) Improvement of the relationship between government, business, and the general public. There is an openness (transparency) then the expected relationship between the various parties to be better. This openness to mutual distrust and regret of all parties. (3) Empowering people through information that is easily obtained. With the sufficient information, the public will learn to be able to determine the choice. For example, data about the school: the number of classes, student capacity, passing grade, and so forth, can be displayed online and used by parents choosing for schools that fit their children. Nevertheless the most important opinion is to delete one considers that the implementation of e-Government as a project, but is a system that will integrate the subsystem in all regions and departments. Finance and Banking When this has been a lot of economic actors, especially in big cities that no longer use the cash payment in the transaction, but have used modern banking services. Modern banking services that only have in big cities this can advised search because economic growth is still at this time concentrated in large cities only, which cause the rotation of money is also centrally in big cities. So that the banking sector is quite slow in presence search to these areas. This is a little more infrastructure caused by the condition at this time other than the geographic aspects of a Development of information systems in Indonesia development program information system (program 16.6.01) intended to developing information systems needed to improve the entrance information science and technology that occurred in the international world, facilitate the exchange and dissemination of information science and technology, and to improve the system of planning, management, monitoring activities and progress of science and technology. The amount of costs that the government issued to conduct studies, research, implementation of the field of control technology information during the period of fiscal year 1997/1998 to 2001 can be seen in Table below. The table below shows Budget (rupiah pure) for the development of information systems, fiscal year 1997/1998 to 2001 Table. Budget for the development of information systems years 1997/1998 to 2001 No-Budget Fiscal Year (millions of rupiah)
1 1997/1998 28,235
2 1998/1999 32,622
3 1999/2000 24,538
4 2000 52,236
5 2001 30,956
Conclusion
The development of information technology is influenced by the ability of human resources in understanding component technology information, such as hardware and software computer; system network such as LAN or WAN, and telecommunications system that will be used to transfer data. Needs akan energy-based information technology is still increasing, this can be seen with many types of work that requires the ability of technology information in various fields
also have ability the number of human resources in the field of technology still little information, compared with the population of Indonesia. Needed a national information technology framework that will establish the Indonesian community is ready to AFTA in 2003 that can provide universal access to information to the general public fairly and equitably, improve coordination and information usefulness optimal, increase efficiency and productivity, improve quality and quantity of resources humans, increasing the utilization of information technology infrastructure, including the implementation of laws and regulations that support
Reviews
-Natakusumah, EK, "The Development of Information Technology in Indonesia." Informatics Research Center - LIPI Bandung, 2002
Development of Indonesia IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Abstark
The development of information technology can improve the performance and allows an activity can be done quickly, precisely and accurately, so that eventually can increase productivity. Development of Information Technology showed different types of activities that are based on this technology, such as e-government, e-commerce, e-education, e-medicine, e-laboratory. That all the electronics based.
Introduction
Information Technology is a technology that used to process data, including , obtain, store, manipulate data in different ways to get information to the quality of the logic information , accurate and timely information that is used for personal, business and government and inormasi which is strategic for decision making. This technology uses a set of computer data for process, the network system to connect one computer with other computers. In accordance with the needs and the technology that is easy to access and the assigned globally. Spur the development of information technology in a new way of life, from start to end of life. Life like this is called e-life means life has been influenced by a variety of needs electronically. And are now shining demgan various letters that begin with the prefix e, such as e-commerce, e-education, e-journal, e-medicine, e-government, e-laboratory, e-libraryi. And another one based electronics. Role of Information Technology In our daily life in the future, the Information Technology sector is the most dominant. Who are these technologies capable then he will become a leader in the world, Information Technology has a role in many areas, including: Education Sector (e-education) Globalization has triggered tend shift in education from the education in the face of conventional, towards a more open education. (M. Mukhopadhyay, 1995), for example in France we see the project "Flexible Learning ". This reminds Ivan Illich at the beginning of the forecast 70-year on an "Education without schools (Deschooling Socieiy)" that the teacher does not ekstrimnya longer needed. Tony Bates (1995) states that technology can improve the quality and range when used wisely for the education and training, and have a sense that is essential for economic prosperity. Romiszowski & Mason (1996) predicts the use of "Computer-based Multimedia Communication (CMC) "which are synchronized and asinkron From the view of the forecast and Cendikiawan above can be concluded that with the inclusion of the influence of globalization, the future of education will be more open and two-way, diverse, multidisipliner, and work productivity related to "immediately" and competitive. The trend of education in Indonesia in the future are: -The development of education with distance learning mode (Distance Learning). Easy to carry out education and distance learning needs entered as the main strategy. With resource-sharing among educational institutions / training in a network -Library & other instruments of education (teachers, laboratory) change the function into a source of information rather than bookshelves. -The use of interactive technology, such as CD-ROM Multimedia in education gradually replace the TV and Video. With the development of information technology in education, then at the time this is likely to be distance learning using the internet media to connect students with the lecturers, students see the value in online, check out their finances, see the lecture schedule, send the tasks given to lecturers and so forth, they can already be done. The main factor in distance learning, which is considered to be a problem is the lack of interaction between lecturers and students. However, with the internet media is very possible to make the interaction between lecturers and students both in the form of real time (real time) or not. In the form of real time can be done in a chatroom, for example, direct interaction with the real audio or real video, and online meeting. That is not real time can be done with the mailing list, discussion group, newsgroup, and bulletin board. With the way the faculty and student interaction in class may be replaced even if not 100%. Forms of materials, test, quiz, and how education can also be implemented into the web, such as materials in the form of lecturers made presentations on the web and can be downloaded by students. Similarly with the test and quizzes created by teachers can also be done in the same way. Currently, almost all the distance learning program in the United States, Australia and Europe can also be accessed via the internet. Studies done by the United States, strongly support developed e-learning, that is computer based learning effective, allows 30% better education, 40% of time is shorter, and costs 30% cheaper. World Bank (World Bank) in 1997, the program has announced the Global Distance Learning Network (GDLN), which has as many as 80 partner countries in the world. Through the GDLN is the World Bank can provide e-learning to students 5 times more (from 30 to be 150 students) with a cost 31% cheaper. In the global era, offers scholarships to appear on the internet. For most students in the world, tuition for the education of best is still generally perceived expensive. Amat be pitied, when students are proficient in the class can not continue just because the school can not afford pay tuition. Scholarship information is the key to success can help student who is a potential. Government in the field (e-government). E-government refers to the use of information technology by government, such as using the intranet and internet, which has the capability of the purposes, business, and other activities. Can process a business transaction between the public and the government through the automation system and internet network, better known as the more common world wide web. At its core e-government is the use of information technology can improve the relationship between the government and the another parties .use information technology is then generate new forms of relationships such as: G2C (Governmet to Citizen), G2B (Government to Business) and G2G (Government to Government). Benefits of e-government that can be perceived, among others: (1) Customer service is better for the community. Information can be provided 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, without waiting when the office will be open. Information can be sought from the office, home, without having to physically come to the office of government. (2) Improvement of the relationship between government, business, and the general public. There is an openness (transparency) then the expected relationship between the various parties to be better. This openness to mutual distrust and regret of all parties. (3) Empowering people through information that is easily obtained. With the sufficient information, the public will learn to be able to determine the choice. For example, data about the school: the number of classes, student capacity, passing grade, and so forth, can be displayed online and used by parents choosing for schools that fit their children. Nevertheless the most important opinion is to delete one considers that the implementation of e-Government as a project, but is a system that will integrate the subsystem in all regions and departments. Finance and Banking When this has been a lot of economic actors, especially in big cities that no longer use the cash payment in the transaction, but have used modern banking services. Modern banking services that only have in big cities this can advised search because economic growth is still at this time concentrated in large cities only, which cause the rotation of money is also centrally in big cities. So that the banking sector is quite slow in presence search to these areas. This is a little more infrastructure caused by the condition at this time other than the geographic aspects of a Development of information systems in Indonesia development program information system (program 16.6.01) intended to developing information systems needed to improve the entrance information science and technology that occurred in the international world, facilitate the exchange and dissemination of information science and technology, and to improve the system of planning, management, monitoring activities and progress of science and technology. The amount of costs that the government issued to conduct studies, research, implementation of the field of control technology information during the period of fiscal year 1997/1998 to 2001 can be seen in Table below. The table below shows Budget (rupiah pure) for the development of information systems, fiscal year 1997/1998 to 2001 Table. Budget for the development of information systems years 1997/1998 to 2001 No-Budget Fiscal Year (millions of rupiah)
1 1997/1998 28,235
2 1998/1999 32,622
3 1999/2000 24,538
4 2000 52,236
5 2001 30,956
Conclusion
The development of information technology is influenced by the ability of human resources in understanding component technology information, such as hardware and software computer; system network such as LAN or WAN, and telecommunications system that will be used to transfer data. Needs akan energy-based information technology is still increasing, this can be seen with many types of work that requires the ability of technology information in various fields
also have ability the number of human resources in the field of technology still little information, compared with the population of Indonesia. Needed a national information technology framework that will establish the Indonesian community is ready to AFTA in 2003 that can provide universal access to information to the general public fairly and equitably, improve coordination and information usefulness optimal, increase efficiency and productivity, improve quality and quantity of resources humans, increasing the utilization of information technology infrastructure, including the implementation of laws and regulations that support
Reviews
-Natakusumah, EK, "The Development of Information Technology in Indonesia." Informatics Research Center - LIPI Bandung, 2002
Final Test Dinda Maharani (064.07.041)
Use of E-Commerce in the World Business
Abstract
The development of information technology which is very dramatic in the last few years have brought the transformational impact on several aspects of life, including in the business world. After passing the era of 'total quality' and 'reengineering', now is time 'electronic era' The growth is marked with the terms eBusiness, e-economy, e-university, e-government, e-entertainment, eservice, and many more terms similar.
Introduction
One concept that is considered a new business paradigm is the e-business, or also known by the term e-commerce as a field of study that is still relatively new and will continue to grow, e-business major impact on business practices, at least in the case of direct marketing improvement, transformation organization, and redefinisi organization. This business model emphasizes the exchange of information and business transactions are paperless, through Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), E-mail, electronic bulletin boards, electronic fund transfer, and other technology that is also based network. Popularity of e-business at the end of the 20th century and early in the new millennium are triggered by three main factors, namely (1) economic and market factors, among which the more intensive competition, global economy, regional trade agreements, and power consumers that the large increase , (2) social and environmental factors, such as changes in labor force characteristics, government deregulation, awareness and demand akan practical ethical, awareness akan practical and ethical demands, will awareness of corporate social responsibility, and political changes, and (3) technological factors, include the age of short product life cycles and technology innovations that appear almost every time, information overload, and reduced the ratio of cost to performance technology.
Problem formulation
There is a development of technology that's growing, changing forms of marketing, sale and purchase transactions and the provision of information between business partners who initially can not be done on-line (using the internet media), this can be done on-line. Of phenomena that occur in the problems that can be raised are: How important the use of e-commerce, the opportunities and challenges in e-commerce business, which must be observed in the use of e-commerce.
Analysis
Perspective and Development of E-Commerce
The term e-business are closely tied to e-commerce. For some people, the term e-commerce is defined narrowly as the sale and purchase transactions of products, services and information between business partners over computer networks, including the Internet. While e-business refers to a broader scope and includes customer service, collaboration with business partners, and internal electronic transactions in an organization, however, the term e-commerce can actually defined based on the perspective of 5 (Phan, 1998; see Table 2 ): (1) on-line purchasing perspective, (2) digital communications perspective, (3) service perspective; (4) business process perspective, and (5) marketof-one perspective. Thus, in fact in a wide range of e-commerce can be equivalent or equal to eBusiness (Turban, et al., 2000)
Opportunities and Challenges E-Commerce
Impact on the development of the Internet changes how the organization design, process, produce, market, and deliver products. The scope of the competition also requires wide integration and coordination between the departments of information systems, marketing, customer service, and other departments in the organization. Diverse opportunities for the internet which can be exploited include:
* Source for new market information
* Individualized / customized marketing
How to establish new relationships with online customers and build brand image (interactive marketing);
* Opportunities new products for distribution and marketing communications;
* And others.
The process of delivery (delivery) of digital products via the Internet is estimated to designate the flare in different business sectors, especially for software programs, newspapers, music CDs, plane tickets, securities, services, consulting, entertainment, banking, insurance, education, and treatment health care (Andersen & Vincze, 2000).
Although there are many resources hornet e-business (especially the internet-based), there are a number of challenges or limitations that must be overcome. A survey conducted by InternetWeek magazine in 1998 reveals a number of non-technical factors that hinder the development of e-business. These factors include: cost and justifikasinya (34.8% of respondents); security and privacy (17.2%), lack of trust and the presence of the resistance (4.4%); and other factors such as not bakunya standards and government regulations, the dynamics of e-business as a new field of study, support services are still limited, is still a limited number of sellers and buyers, the potential disruption to the inter-personal relations, and internet access is still limited and relatively expensive for many potential customers.
Impact of e-Commerce on Business Practices
In the first category, e-commerce impact on the accelerated growth of direct marketing which is traditionally based mail order (catalog) and telemarketing. Occurrence of the e-commerce to provide some positive impact for marketing activities, including:
* Easy promotional products and services for interactive and real time through a direct channel of communication via the internet.
* Creating a new distribution channel that can reach more customers in almost all parts of the world.
* Provide significant savings in terms of cost and delivery information terdigitalisasi products (eg software and music).
Pressing the cycle time and administrative tasks (especially for international marketing) from order to product delivery.
* Service customers a more responsive and satisfying, because the customer can get more detailed information and respond quickly online.
* Facilitate Customization mass that has been applied to numerous products such as computer (Dell Computer Inc..), Cosmetics (www.reflect.com), car, house, jewel.
Parcel gifts (gift), greeting cards, flowers, insurance, services, travel, books, CDs, furniture, glass, T-shirt, and various other products.
One application * Easy-to-one or direct advertising is more effective than mass advertising.
* Reduce cost and time in handling the order, because the electronic booking system that allows faster processing and accurate.
* The market virtual / virtual (marketspace) as complement the traditional market (marketplace). In the case of organizational transformation, e-commerce change the characteristics of jobs, careers, and compensation. E-commerce requires competence, commitment, creativity, flexibility and adaptability in employees with every slight change in the environment, characterized by decentralization and the empowerment of authority, of knowledge-based workers; able to adapt quickly to new technology and changes in the environment (learning organization); able and dare to experiment with products, services, and new processes, and able to manage the strategic change. Meanwhile, in the case redefinisi organizations, e-commerce create new business models based online services in the marketspace. This could impact on the organization's mission redefinisi organization and how to run the business. These changes include, among others, the transition from a mass production system pemanufakturan just in time (JIT) a more customized, the integration of various functional systems (such as production, finance, marketing, and human resources) 1, both internally and with business partners and customers ; the implementation of new payment systems, such as electronic cash, control of information systems and current technology, and implementation of learning systems and online training.
Security
In general, security is one of the components or services that are required for running eCommerce. To ensure security, the need to capacity in this field that can be obtained through research and understanding. Some of the topics (issues) that must be mastered include:
Cryptography Technology
Cryptography technology, explains how to secure data by using encryption. Various systems have been developed such as system privae key and public key. Algorithm-control algorithm is used to secure the data is also very important. Example algorithms include DES, IDEA, RC5, RSA and ECC (Ellliptic Curve Cryptography). Research in this field in universities is an important thing. One of the problems is how to secure the encryption ensures that only the recipient can access the data. You can menggembok data and send them together to address the key goals, but how to ensure that the key was not stolen in the middle of the road? One way to solve is that the recipient send a gemboknya, but did not send the keys. You menggembok data with a padlock and sends them by post. The recipient will then open it with a key that did not own already sent to who. Now the problem when the data was stolen digembok people, but with a complex encryption akan very difficult for people to access that data yanmg already digembok it.
One Time password.
Use a password that can only be used once. Usually the password number of digital merandom transaction number each time.
Security consultant.
Consultants, organizations, and institutions engaged in the field of security can help improve and maintain security. Examples of organizations working in this field is IDCERT.
Conclusion
With the development of information technology at this time the use of e-commerce is needed in the business world, because with e-commerce using the many benefits that can be obtained. Benefits include: ease promotion of products, create new distribution channels, to give significant savings in the cost of shipping and product information terdigitalisasi, Pressing cycle time and administrative tasks (especially for international marketing) from order to delivery of products and still many more benefits that can be obtained as described earlier.
It is important to consider in the use of e-commerce in the business world, namely in terms of security. The maraknya cyber crime at this level of security required is extra that can be done with the use of one time password, consulting with security consultants and can be done using the technique kriptography
Reference
M. Rizalul Hak, "PENGGUNAAN E-COMMERCE DAN DAMPAKNYA BAGI OPERASI BISNIS PERUSAHAAN",
http://bebas.vlsm.org/v06/Kuliah/Seminar-MIS/2008/252/252-12-PENGGUNAAN-ECOM-DAN-DAMPAKNYA-O PR-BSNSPRSHN.pdf, diakses tanggal 6 Januari 2009
Onno W Purbo,10 Pertanyaan tentang e-commerce ,www.dudung.net/ 10-pertanyan-tentang-e-commerce.html, diakses tanggal 3 Januari 2009
Deris Setiawan,2002 "E-Commerce"
www.scribd.com/doc/2083958/ecommerce
http://lenysblog.blogspot.com/2009/01/penggunaan-e-commerce-di-dunia-bisnis.html
Abstract
The development of information technology which is very dramatic in the last few years have brought the transformational impact on several aspects of life, including in the business world. After passing the era of 'total quality' and 'reengineering', now is time 'electronic era' The growth is marked with the terms eBusiness, e-economy, e-university, e-government, e-entertainment, eservice, and many more terms similar.
Introduction
One concept that is considered a new business paradigm is the e-business, or also known by the term e-commerce as a field of study that is still relatively new and will continue to grow, e-business major impact on business practices, at least in the case of direct marketing improvement, transformation organization, and redefinisi organization. This business model emphasizes the exchange of information and business transactions are paperless, through Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), E-mail, electronic bulletin boards, electronic fund transfer, and other technology that is also based network. Popularity of e-business at the end of the 20th century and early in the new millennium are triggered by three main factors, namely (1) economic and market factors, among which the more intensive competition, global economy, regional trade agreements, and power consumers that the large increase , (2) social and environmental factors, such as changes in labor force characteristics, government deregulation, awareness and demand akan practical ethical, awareness akan practical and ethical demands, will awareness of corporate social responsibility, and political changes, and (3) technological factors, include the age of short product life cycles and technology innovations that appear almost every time, information overload, and reduced the ratio of cost to performance technology.
Problem formulation
There is a development of technology that's growing, changing forms of marketing, sale and purchase transactions and the provision of information between business partners who initially can not be done on-line (using the internet media), this can be done on-line. Of phenomena that occur in the problems that can be raised are: How important the use of e-commerce, the opportunities and challenges in e-commerce business, which must be observed in the use of e-commerce.
Analysis
Perspective and Development of E-Commerce
The term e-business are closely tied to e-commerce. For some people, the term e-commerce is defined narrowly as the sale and purchase transactions of products, services and information between business partners over computer networks, including the Internet. While e-business refers to a broader scope and includes customer service, collaboration with business partners, and internal electronic transactions in an organization, however, the term e-commerce can actually defined based on the perspective of 5 (Phan, 1998; see Table 2 ): (1) on-line purchasing perspective, (2) digital communications perspective, (3) service perspective; (4) business process perspective, and (5) marketof-one perspective. Thus, in fact in a wide range of e-commerce can be equivalent or equal to eBusiness (Turban, et al., 2000)
Opportunities and Challenges E-Commerce
Impact on the development of the Internet changes how the organization design, process, produce, market, and deliver products. The scope of the competition also requires wide integration and coordination between the departments of information systems, marketing, customer service, and other departments in the organization. Diverse opportunities for the internet which can be exploited include:
* Source for new market information
* Individualized / customized marketing
How to establish new relationships with online customers and build brand image (interactive marketing);
* Opportunities new products for distribution and marketing communications;
* And others.
The process of delivery (delivery) of digital products via the Internet is estimated to designate the flare in different business sectors, especially for software programs, newspapers, music CDs, plane tickets, securities, services, consulting, entertainment, banking, insurance, education, and treatment health care (Andersen & Vincze, 2000).
Although there are many resources hornet e-business (especially the internet-based), there are a number of challenges or limitations that must be overcome. A survey conducted by InternetWeek magazine in 1998 reveals a number of non-technical factors that hinder the development of e-business. These factors include: cost and justifikasinya (34.8% of respondents); security and privacy (17.2%), lack of trust and the presence of the resistance (4.4%); and other factors such as not bakunya standards and government regulations, the dynamics of e-business as a new field of study, support services are still limited, is still a limited number of sellers and buyers, the potential disruption to the inter-personal relations, and internet access is still limited and relatively expensive for many potential customers.
Impact of e-Commerce on Business Practices
In the first category, e-commerce impact on the accelerated growth of direct marketing which is traditionally based mail order (catalog) and telemarketing. Occurrence of the e-commerce to provide some positive impact for marketing activities, including:
* Easy promotional products and services for interactive and real time through a direct channel of communication via the internet.
* Creating a new distribution channel that can reach more customers in almost all parts of the world.
* Provide significant savings in terms of cost and delivery information terdigitalisasi products (eg software and music).
Pressing the cycle time and administrative tasks (especially for international marketing) from order to product delivery.
* Service customers a more responsive and satisfying, because the customer can get more detailed information and respond quickly online.
* Facilitate Customization mass that has been applied to numerous products such as computer (Dell Computer Inc..), Cosmetics (www.reflect.com), car, house, jewel.
Parcel gifts (gift), greeting cards, flowers, insurance, services, travel, books, CDs, furniture, glass, T-shirt, and various other products.
One application * Easy-to-one or direct advertising is more effective than mass advertising.
* Reduce cost and time in handling the order, because the electronic booking system that allows faster processing and accurate.
* The market virtual / virtual (marketspace) as complement the traditional market (marketplace). In the case of organizational transformation, e-commerce change the characteristics of jobs, careers, and compensation. E-commerce requires competence, commitment, creativity, flexibility and adaptability in employees with every slight change in the environment, characterized by decentralization and the empowerment of authority, of knowledge-based workers; able to adapt quickly to new technology and changes in the environment (learning organization); able and dare to experiment with products, services, and new processes, and able to manage the strategic change. Meanwhile, in the case redefinisi organizations, e-commerce create new business models based online services in the marketspace. This could impact on the organization's mission redefinisi organization and how to run the business. These changes include, among others, the transition from a mass production system pemanufakturan just in time (JIT) a more customized, the integration of various functional systems (such as production, finance, marketing, and human resources) 1, both internally and with business partners and customers ; the implementation of new payment systems, such as electronic cash, control of information systems and current technology, and implementation of learning systems and online training.
Security
In general, security is one of the components or services that are required for running eCommerce. To ensure security, the need to capacity in this field that can be obtained through research and understanding. Some of the topics (issues) that must be mastered include:
Cryptography Technology
Cryptography technology, explains how to secure data by using encryption. Various systems have been developed such as system privae key and public key. Algorithm-control algorithm is used to secure the data is also very important. Example algorithms include DES, IDEA, RC5, RSA and ECC (Ellliptic Curve Cryptography). Research in this field in universities is an important thing. One of the problems is how to secure the encryption ensures that only the recipient can access the data. You can menggembok data and send them together to address the key goals, but how to ensure that the key was not stolen in the middle of the road? One way to solve is that the recipient send a gemboknya, but did not send the keys. You menggembok data with a padlock and sends them by post. The recipient will then open it with a key that did not own already sent to who. Now the problem when the data was stolen digembok people, but with a complex encryption akan very difficult for people to access that data yanmg already digembok it.
One Time password.
Use a password that can only be used once. Usually the password number of digital merandom transaction number each time.
Security consultant.
Consultants, organizations, and institutions engaged in the field of security can help improve and maintain security. Examples of organizations working in this field is IDCERT.
Conclusion
With the development of information technology at this time the use of e-commerce is needed in the business world, because with e-commerce using the many benefits that can be obtained. Benefits include: ease promotion of products, create new distribution channels, to give significant savings in the cost of shipping and product information terdigitalisasi, Pressing cycle time and administrative tasks (especially for international marketing) from order to delivery of products and still many more benefits that can be obtained as described earlier.
It is important to consider in the use of e-commerce in the business world, namely in terms of security. The maraknya cyber crime at this level of security required is extra that can be done with the use of one time password, consulting with security consultants and can be done using the technique kriptography
Reference
M. Rizalul Hak, "PENGGUNAAN E-COMMERCE DAN DAMPAKNYA BAGI OPERASI BISNIS PERUSAHAAN",
http://bebas.vlsm.org/v06/Kuliah/Seminar-MIS/2008/252/252-12-PENGGUNAAN-ECOM-DAN-DAMPAKNYA-O PR-BSNSPRSHN.pdf, diakses tanggal 6 Januari 2009
Onno W Purbo,10 Pertanyaan tentang e-commerce ,www.dudung.net/ 10-pertanyan-tentang-e-commerce.html, diakses tanggal 3 Januari 2009
Deris Setiawan,2002 "E-Commerce"
www.scribd.com/doc/2083958/ecommerce
http://lenysblog.blogspot.com/2009/01/penggunaan-e-commerce-di-dunia-bisnis.html
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